Inside the ADHD Brain
Although ADHD is a more commonly understood disorder than it once was, there is still a wide range of misconceptions about the diagnosis. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact day-to-day life, affecting mental health, overall well-being, and relationships. The intricate workings of the brain of someone with ADHD reveal a great deal about how the disorder occurs, and what can be done to treat it.
The neuroanatomy of the ADHD brain
ADHD is often thought of as a singular abnormality within the anatomy of the brain, however, the opposite is true. Whilst the exact cause remains unclear, what we do know is that there are several key components within the brain that are implicated, involving a complex interplay of neural pathways. These areas are as follows:
The PFC, or Prefrontal Cortex: Responsible for executive functions including working memory, impulse control, and decision-making, the PFC is frequently found to be underactive in individuals with ADHD. This can cause difficulties with organization, planning, and the inhibition of inappropriate behaviors.
The Basal Ganglia: Structural and functional differences within this region can contribute to hyperactivity and impulsivity, as they are heavily involved in the regulation of attention and motor control.
Limbic System: The limbic system includes the hippocampus and the amygdala, and is a key component that controls the regulation of emotions and motivation. Therefore, dysregulation in this part of the brain may cause emotional impulsivity and mood disturbances.
Reticular Activating System: Disruptions in the frontostriatal circuit, which connect the PFC and basal ganglia, are thought to play a major contributory role in the core symptoms of ADHD. This circuit is fundamental for both response inhibition and attention.
Imbalances in neurotransmitters
Some of the chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons called neurotransmitters are often different in ADHD patients to those with standard brain circuitry. The two most involved are:
Dopamine: The feel-good, pleasure, reward, and motivation neurotransmitter. Often those with ADHD can seek out short-term rewarding and pleasure-seeking activities due to differences within their dopamine systems.
Norepinephrine: This is the neurotransmitter associated with our “fight or flight” response. Altered levels of it in people who have ADHD can create difficulties regulating impulsive responses and maintaining attention.
Neurodevelopmental causes
The developing brain is hugely susceptible to external influences within our environment. This can include anything from maternal smoking during pregnancy, premature birth, harmful toxins, and diet. ADHD normally emerges in childhood and it’s thought that these types of factors increase the risk of developing the disorder.
Genetics
In several studies, certain genes have been shown to influence how our brains develop over time, and there have been specific genes linked to those with ADHD. Some of these genes are directly involved in the regulation of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine.
Understanding the neurobiology of ADHD and the many varied factors that play a part in it is critical to finding appropriate treatments. Stay tuned for more in-depth content on a range of potential management strategies for the disorder, including drug-free alternatives and nutrition.