Understanding Where Empathy Comes from in the Brain

When we see others suffering, whether it be on a small or large scale, it can sometimes feel like it’s happening to us. Some of us might even define colloquially ourselves as “empaths”. But what does it mean? And where does it come from?  

Well, empathy is a complex aspect of human psychology that is underpinned by intricate brain mechanisms. In the next couple of posts, we’ll be breaking down the neurological basis of empathy into bitesize chunks.  

The Neurology of Empathy 

In the last two decades, neuroscientists have shed much light on the science behind empathy, revealing a whole host of cognitive components that form the basis of its mechanics. 

 In particular, fMRI, or functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have helped to show specific areas of the brain that are active when we feel empathy towards others. So, let’s explore each of these concepts in greater detail: 

The MNS (Mirror Neuron System) 

You may have heard of mirror neurons, a more recently discovered part of our brains in which cells fire both when an action is performed, and when it’s observed. The MNS is therefore a key component in allowing us to feel the emotions of others. 

The mPFC (Medial Prefrontal Cortex) 

The medial prefrontal cortex, part of the prefrontal cortex, is a fundamental player in the processing of social information. It helps us to understand the behavior and mental states of both ourselves and others.  

The Anterior Insula and Anterior Cingulate Cortex 

The AI and ACC aid in processing our emotional experiences. Whilst the AI incorporates sensory and emotional data, the ACC is involved in processing pain and regulating emotions. Both brain regions are activated when we experience emotions, and when we empathize with others.  

The TPJ (Temporal-Parietal Junction) 

The TPJ helps us to make sense of multi-faceted social interactions and distinguish between our own and others’ perspectives, using the contextual information that we’re presented with.  

Although this gives us a basis for how the brain experiences empathy, it is an area of neuroscience where discoveries are being made all the time. For example, recent research suggests that it may even be possible to utilize the neuroplastic nature of the brain to train empathy.  

Sit tight for our next installment, where we’ll be discussing how feeling others’ pain is crucial for our mental health, emotional regulation, relationships, and society as a whole.